Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ama-athomu emishini yokushisela izinqe iyisici esibalulekile sokusebenza kwawo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlanganisa i-athomu ezihilelekile kule mishini nokuthi inikela kanjani enqubweni yokushisela.
Isingeniso: Imishini yokushisela izinqe idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izingxenye zensimbi ngenqubo ehlanganisa ukuhlangana kwama-athomu. Ukuqonda izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuhlanganisa i-athomu kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi le mishini isebenza kanjani kahle.
- I-Metallic Bonding:
- Emishinini yokushisela izinqe, ukubopha ngensimbi kugcwele, njengoba izinsimbi zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokushisela.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwensimbi kwenzeka lapho ama-athomu ensimbi ehlanganyela ama-electron awo e-valence, enza “ulwandle” lwama-electron ahlukanisiwe ageleza ngokukhululeka kuso sonke isakhiwo sensimbi.
- Lokhu kubopha kuphumela ezintweni zensimbi eziqinile nezivumelana nezimo, ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amashisela aqinile futhi athembekile.
- I-Covalent Bonding:
- Ezinqubweni ezithile zokushisela, i-covalent bonding ingase idlale indima lapho kushiselwa izinto ezingezona ezensimbi njengamapulasitiki noma izitsha zobumba.
- Isibopho esihlangene sihlanganisa ukwabelana kwamapheya e-electron phakathi kwama-athomu aseduze, nokudala izakhiwo zamangqamuzana ezinzile.
- Emishinini yokushisela izinqe, i-covalent bonding ingasetshenziswa lapho kushiselwa izinto ezingafani, ezidinga ukwakhiwa kwamabhondi aqinile phakathi kwama-athomu ahlukene.
- I-Ionic Bonding:
- Nakuba kungavamile kakhulu emishinini yokushisela izinqe, i-ionic bonding ingenzeka uma izinto zokushisela ezinamavelu e-electronegativity ahluke kakhulu.
- Isibopho se-Ionic siphumela ekudlulisweni kwama-electron ukusuka ku-athomu eyodwa kuya kwenye, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-cations ashajwe kahle kanye nama-anion ashajwe kabi.
- Ezinqubweni ezithile zokushisela ezibandakanya izitsha zobumba noma izinhlanganisela, i-ionic bonding ingase ifaneleke, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokushisa eziphezulu.
- Van der Waals Forces:
- Imishini yokushisela izinqe ingase ibandakanye amandla abuthaka e-intermolecular aziwa ngokuthi ama-van der Waals forces.
- Amandla e-Van der Waals aphakama ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwesikhashana kokuminyana kwama-electron ngaphakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule, okuholela kumandla esikhashana akhangayo phakathi kwawo.
- Nakuba lawa mandla ebuthakathaka uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zokubopha, angakwazi ukufaka isandla ekubambeleleni kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuzimo ezithile zokushisela.
Emishinini yokushisela izinqe, ukuhlangana kwama-athomu kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi neguqukayo, ehlanganisa inhlanganisela ye-metallic, covalent, ionic, kanye ne-van der Waals, kuye ngezinto ezishiselwe. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela zokubopha kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokushisela kanye nokuqinisekisa ukushisela okuqinile nokuqinile. Ngokusebenzisa izici eziyingqayizivele zokuhlanganisa i-athomu, imishini yokushisela izinqe iyaqhubeka ingamathuluzi abalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, ihlinzeka ngezixazululo eziphumelelayo nezithembekile zokuhlanganisa izingxenye zensimbi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-22-2023
